Classification of Gastric Carcinoid tumors

Gastric carcinoids are rare tumours. Clinical setting: -  Type I  - Associated with chronic atrophic gastritis with or without pernicious anemia. In autoimmune gastritis progressive destruction of the specialised parietal and chief cell zone leads to atrophy , intestinal metaplasia , hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinemia. - Type II - In Zollinger Ellison syndrome, particularly in patients associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.           - Type III - Sporadic tumours    - Not related to hypergastrinemia    - In the antrum or corpus    - Larger lesion, may be ulcerated.    - May have an aggressive course.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15362575

Anti fungal therapies

Amphotericin B
Azoles: block Ergosterol synthesis which is an component of fungal cell wall
Echinocandins: Inhibit glucan synthase which is specific for fungal wall (eg: caspofungin)

Link

Colitis Cystica Profunda

http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/reprint/131/3/529.pdf

Laparoscopic Abdominal Wall Reconstruction

Movie link

Definition of hypersplenism

- Splenomegaly
- cytopenia(s) - usually thrombocytopenia, anemia or neutropenia
- normal or hyperplastic bone marrow
- response to splenectomy

Meckler's Triad

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20935623

GAIL model for breast cancer risk assessment

http://www.cancer.gov/bcrisktool/

- age
- age of menses
- age of first child
- first degree relative with breast cancer
- previous breast biopsies
- History of ADH
- race

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